20-July-2026

Diabetes is often thought of as a condition that only affects blood sugar, but it has far-reaching effects on nearly every part of the body. During a lecture at the University of Chicago Summer Session, I learned that insulin, a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas, plays a central role in regulating glucose levels and providing energy to tissues throughout the body. Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of the disease, is influenced by a combination of genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and social determinants of health such as access to healthcare, education, and economic stability. Today, approximately 40 million Americans have diabetes, with millions more remaining undiagnosed, and rates are increasing among younger populations. Researchers have also made significant advances in treatment, particularly through GLP-1 receptor agonists such as semaglutide and tirzepatide, which can improve blood glucose control, support heart and kidney health, and lead to substantial weight loss. However, experts continue to emphasize that no medication can fully replace the importance of a balanced diet and regular exercise. As diabetes becomes an increasingly prevalent public health issue, understanding both its biological and societal influences is essential to improving outcomes and ensuring equitable access to care.